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Linux Foundation KCSA Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic
Details

Topic 1

• Overview of Cloud Native Security: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cloud Security Architect and covers the foundational security principles of cloud-native environments. It includes an understanding of the 4Cs security model, the shared responsibility model for cloud infrastructure, common security controls and compliance frameworks, and techniques for isolating resources and securing artifacts like container images and application code.

Topic 2

• Platform Security: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cloud Security Architect and encompasses broader platform-wide security concerns. This includes securing the software supply chain from image development to deployment, implementing observability and service meshes, managing Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), controlling network connectivity, and using admission controllers to enforce security policies.

Topic 3

• Kubernetes Security Fundamentals: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Kubernetes Administrator and covers the primary security mechanisms within Kubernetes. This includes implementing pod security standards and admissions, configuring robust authentication and authorization systems like RBAC, managing secrets properly, and using network policies and audit logging to enforce isolation and monitor cluster activity.

Topic 4

• Kubernetes Cluster Component Security: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Kubernetes Administrator and focuses on securing the core components that make up a Kubernetes cluster. It encompasses the security configuration and potential vulnerabilities of essential parts such as the API server, etcd, kubelet, container runtime, and networking elements, ensuring each component is hardened against attacks.

Linux Foundation Kubernetes and Cloud Native Security Associate Sample Questions (Q21-Q26):

NEW QUESTION # 21
You want to minimize security issues in running Kubernetes Pods. Which of the following actions can help achieve this goal?

• A. Sharing sensitive data among Pods in the same cluster to improve collaboration.
• B. Running Pods with elevated privileges to maximize their capabilities.
• C. Deploying Pods with randomly generated names to obfuscate their identities.
• D. Implement Pod Security standards in the Pod's YAML configuration.

Answer: D

Explanation:
* Pod Security Standards (PSS):
* Kubernetes providesPod Security Admission (PSA)to enforce security controls based on policies.
* Official extract: "Pod Security Standards define different isolation levels for Pods. The standards focus on restricting what Pods can do and what they can access."
* The three standard profiles are:
* Privileged: unrestricted (not recommended).
* Baseline: minimal restrictions.
* Restricted: highly restricted, enforcing least privilege.
* Why option C is correct:
* Applying Pod Security Standards in YAML ensures Pods adhere tobest practiceslike:
* No root user.
* Restricted host access.
* No privilege escalation.
* Seccomp/AppArmor profiles.
* This directly minimizes security risks.
* Why others are wrong:
* A:Sharing sensitive data increases risk of exposure.
* B:Running with elevated privileges contradicts least privilege principle.
* D:Random Pod names donotcontribute to security.
References:
Kubernetes Docs - Pod Security Standards: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/pod-security- standards/ Kubernetes Docs - Pod Security Admission: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/pod-security- admission/

NEW QUESTION # 22
What is the reasoning behind considering the Cloud as the trusted computing base of a Kubernetes cluster?

• A. A Kubernetes cluster can only be as secure as the security posture of its Cloud hosting.
• B. The Cloud enforces security controls at the Kubernetes cluster level, so application developers can focus on applications only.
• C. A Kubernetes cluster can only be trusted if the underlying Cloud provider is certified against international standards.
• D. A vulnerability in the Cloud layer has a negligible impact on containers due to Linux isolation mechanisms.

Answer: A

Explanation:
* The4C's of Cloud Native Security(Cloud, Cluster, Container, Code) model starts withCloudas the base layer.
* If the Cloud (infrastructure layer) is compromised, every higher layer (Cluster, Container, Code) inherits that compromise.
* Exact extract (Kubernetes Security Overview):
* "The 4C's of Cloud Native security are Cloud, Clusters, Containers, and Code. You can think of the 4C's as a layered approach. A Kubernetes cluster can only be as secure as the cloud infrastructure it is deployed on."
* This means the cloud is part of thetrusted computing baseof a Kubernetes cluster.
References:
Kubernetes Docs - Security Overview (4C's): https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/overview/#the-
4cs-of-cloud-native-security

NEW QUESTION # 23
In a Kubernetes cluster, what are the security risks associated with using ConfigMaps for storing secrets?

• A. Storing secrets in ConfigMaps does not allow for fine-grained access control via RBAC.
• B. Storing secrets in ConfigMaps can expose sensitive information as they are stored in plaintext and can be accessed by unauthorized users.
• C. ConfigMaps store sensitive information in etcd encoded in base64 format automatically, which does not ensure confidentiality of data.
• D. Using ConfigMaps for storing secrets might make applications incompatible with the Kubernetes cluster.

Answer: B

Explanation:
* ConfigMaps are explicitly not for confidential data.
* Exact extract (ConfigMap concept):"A ConfigMap is an API object used to store non- confidential data in key-value pairs."
* Exact extract (ConfigMap concept):"ConfigMaps are not intended to hold confidential data. Use a Secret for confidential data."
* Why this is risky:data placed into a ConfigMap is stored as regular (plaintext) string values in the API and etcd (unless you deliberately use binaryData for base64 content you supply). That means if someone has read access to the namespace or to etcd/APIServer storage, they can view the values.
* Secrets vs ConfigMaps (to clarify distractor D):
* Exact extract (Secret concept):"By default, secret data is stored as unencrypted base64- encoded strings.You canenable encryption at restto protect Secrets stored in etcd."
* This base64 behavior applies toSecrets, not to ConfigMap data. Thus optionDis incorrect for ConfigMaps.
* About RBAC (to clarify distractor A):Kubernetesdoessupport fine-grained RBAC forboth ConfigMaps and Secrets; the issue isn't lack of RBAC but that ConfigMaps arenotdesigned for confidential material.
* About compatibility (to clarify distractor C):Using ConfigMaps for secrets doesn't make apps
"incompatible"; it's simplyinsecureand against guidance.
References:
Kubernetes Docs -ConfigMaps: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/configmap/ Kubernetes Docs -Secrets: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/ Kubernetes Docs -Encrypting Secret Data at Rest: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster
/encrypt-data/
Note: The citations above are from the official Kubernetes documentation and reflect the stated guidance that ConfigMaps are fornon-confidentialdata, while Secrets (with encryption at rest enabled) are forconfidential data, and that the 4C's map todefense in depth.

NEW QUESTION # 24
In the event that kube-proxy is in a CrashLoopBackOff state, what impact does it have on the Pods running on the same worker node?

• A. The Pod cannot mount persistent volumes through CSI drivers.
• B. The Pods cannot communicate with other Pods in the cluster.
• C. The Pod's security context restrictions cannot be enforced.
• D. The Pod's resource utilization increases significantly.

Answer: B

Explanation:
* kube-proxy:manages cluster network routing rules (via iptables or IPVS). It enables Pods to communicate with Services and Pods across nodes.
* If kube-proxy fails (CrashLoopBackOff), service IP routing and cluster-wide pod-to-pod networking breaks. Local Pod-to-Pod communication within the same node may still work, butcross-node communication fails.
* Exact extract (Kubernetes Docs - kube-proxy):
* "kube-proxy maintains network rules on nodes. These rules allow network communication to Pods from network sessions inside or outside of the cluster." References:
Kubernetes Docs - kube-proxy: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kube- proxy/

NEW QUESTION # 25
What was the name of the precursor to Pod Security Standards?

• A. Kubernetes Security Context
• B. Container Runtime Security
• C. Container Security Standards
• D. Pod Security Policy

Answer: D

Explanation:
* Kubernetes originally had a feature calledPodSecurityPolicy (PSP), which provided controls to restrict pod behavior.
* Official docs:
* "PodSecurityPolicy was deprecated in Kubernetes v1.21 and removed in v1.25."
* "Pod Security Standards (PSS) replace PodSecurityPolicy (PSP) with a simpler, policy- driven approach."
* PSP was often complex and hard to manage, so it was replaced by Pod Security Admission (PSA) which enforcesPod Security Standards.
References:
Kubernetes Docs - PodSecurityPolicy (deprecated): https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/pod- security-policy/ Kubernetes Blog - PodSecurityPolicy Deprecation: https://kubernetes.io/blog/2021/04/06/podsecuritypolicy- deprecation-past-present-and-future/

NEW QUESTION # 26
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